Wireless Propagation Bibliography

This page is frequently changed. This version is dated 22 May 2006.
Maintained by Leonard Miller (LMiller at nist.gov).

Citations and links external to NIST do not imply endorsement of any particular product, service, organization, company, information provider, or content, nor is this by any means an exhaustive list of useful references.

Outdoor Propagation
Indoor Propagation
Assessment of Propagation Effects, Link Budgets, etc.

Also see our downloadable outdoor propagation loss calculator and link budget calculator.

Tutorials: Propagation theory (REVISED 11/3/04), Empirical propagation models (REVISED 3/15/06)
Another tutorial: Radio Propagation

Download page for Irregular Terrain Model (Longley-Rice) from NTIA/ITS

Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Home

Outdoor Propagation

---, "Coverage Prediction for Mobile Radio Systems Operating in the 800/900 MHz Frequency Range," Special issue of IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, February 1988.
K. Allesbrook and J. D. Parsons, "Mobile Radio Propagation in British Cities at Frequencies in the VHF and UHF Bands, " IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Tech., Nov. 1977, pp. 313-323.
J. F. Aurand and R. E. Post, "A Comparison of Prediction Methods for 800-MHz Mobile Radio Propagation," IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Tech., Nov. 1985, pp. 149-153.
M. Barbiroli et al., "A new statistical approach for urban environment propagation modeling," IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Tech., Sept. 2002, pp 1234-1241
H. L. Bertoni, et al., "UHF Propagation Prediction for Wireless Personal Communications," Proc. IEEE, Sept. 1994, pp. 1333-1359.
D. Bodson et al., eds., Land-Mobile Communications Engineering, pub. number PCO1685, New York: IEEE Press, 1984.
K. L. Blackard et al., "Path loss and delay spread models as functions of antenna height for microcellular system design," Proc. 1992 Vehic. Tech. Conf. (Spring), pp. 333-337.
W. R. Braun and U. Dersch, "A Physical Mobile Radio Channel," IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Tech., May 1991, pp. 472-482.
K. Bullington, "Radio Propagation for Vehicular Communications," IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Tech., Nov. 1977, pp. 295-308.
G. Y. Delisle et al., "Propagation Loss Prediction: A Comparative Study with Application to the Mobile Radio Channel," IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Tech., May 1985, pp. 86-96.
J. Durkin, "Computer Prediction of Service Areas for VHF and UHF Land Mobile Radio Services," IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Tech., Nov. 1977, pp. 323-327. [Reprinted in Bodson et al.]
R. Edwards and J. Durkin, "Computer Prediction of Service Areas for VHF Mobile Radio Networks," Proc. IEE, vol. 116, pp. 1493-1500 (September 1969).
J. J. Egli, "Radio Propagation Above 40 Mc Over Irregular Terrain," Proc. IRE, Oct. 1957, pp. 1383-1391.
V. Erceg et al., "An Empirically Based Path Loss Model for Wireless Channels in Suburban Environments," IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communication, vol. 17, pp. 1205-1211, July 1999.
V. Erceg et al., "Urban/Suburban Out-of-Sight Propagation Modeling, IEEE Commun. Magazine, June 1992, pp. 56-61.
D. Erricolo et al., "Measurements on Scaled Models of Urban Environments and Comparisons with Ray-Tracing Propagation Simulation," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, vol. 50, pp. 727-735 (May 2002).
D. Erricolo et al., "Time-Domain Analysis of Measurements on Scaled Models of Urban Environments With Comparisons to Ray-Tracing Propagation Simulation," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, vol. 50, pp. 736-741 (May 2002).
D. Erricolo and P. Uslenghi, "Two-Dimensional Simulator for Propagation in Urban Environments," IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, vol. 50, pp. 1158-1168 (July 2001).
M. J. Feuerstein et al., "Path loss, delay spread, and outage models as functions of antenna height for microcellular system design," IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol., Vol. 43, pp. 487-498 (August 1994).
B. H. Fleury and P. E. Leuthold, "Radiowave Propagation in Mobile Communications: An Overview of European Research," IEEE Communications Magazine, Feb. 1996, pp. 70-81.
B. Goldberg, Communications Channels: Characterization and Behavior, New York: IEEE Press, 1976.
M. Hata, "Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services," IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Tech., August 1980, pp. 317-325. [Hata model]
G. A. Hufford, A. G. Longley, and W. A. Kissick, "A Guide to the Use of the ITS Irregular Terrain Model in the Area Prediction Mode," National Telecomm. and Info. Admin. report 82-100, April 1982. (NTIS document PB82-217977) [Longley-Rice model]
M. F. Iskander and Z. Yun, "Propagation Prediction Models for Wireless Communication Systems," (Invited paper)IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 50, pp. 662-673 (March 2002).
W. C. Jakes, ed., Microwave Mobile Communications, New York: IEEE Press, 1994.
E. C. Jordan and K. G. Balmain, Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968 (2nd ed.).
A. G. Longley and P. L. Rice, "Prediction of Tropospheric Radio Transmission Loss Over Irregular Terrain--A Computer Method," Institute for Telecommunications Sciences, Environmental Science Services Admin. Technical Report ERL 79-ITS 67, July 1968 (AD 676874). [Longley-Rice model]
B. McLarnon, "VHF/UHF/Microwave Radio Propagation: A Primer for Digital Experimenters," online tutorial.
J. S. Lee and L. E. Miller, CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook, Artech House, Boston, 1998.
L. E. Miller, "Propagation Model Sensitivity Study," J. S. Lee Associates, Inc. Report JC-2092-1-FF to Army Survivability Management Office, July 1992. (AD-B166479)
A. Neskovic, N. Neskovic, and G. Paunovic, "Modern Approaches in Modeling of Mobile Radio Systems Propagation Environment," IEEE Communications Surveys, Third Quarter 2000, http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/surveys.
W. G. Newhall, K. Saldanha, and T. S. Rappaport, "Using RF Channel Sounding Measurements to Determine Delay Spread and Path Loss," RF Design, Jan. 1996, pp. 82-88.
K. A. Norton, P. L. Rice, and L. E. Vogler, "The Use of Angular Distance in Estimating Transmission Loss and Fading Range for Propagation through a Turbulent Atmosphere over Irregular Terrain," Proc. IRE, Oct. 1955, pp. 1488-1526.
Y. Oda et al., "Advanced LOS Path-Loss Model in Microcellular Mobile Communications," IEEE Trans. on Vehic. Tech., vol. 49, pp. 2121-2125 (November 2000). [models vehicular shadowing]
Y. Okumura et al., "Field Strength and Its Variability in VHF and UHF Land-Mobile Radio Service," Rev. of the Electrical Comm. Lab. (Japan), Sept./Oct. 1968, pp. 825-873. [Reprinted in Bodson et al.]
A. Y. Olenko, K.T. Wong & E. H.-O. Ng, "Analytically Derived TOA-DOA Statistics of Uplink/Downlink Wireless Multipaths Arisen from Scatterers on an Hollow-Disc Around the Mobile," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 2, pp. 345-348 (Issue 22, 2003).
J. D. Parsons, "Radio Wave Propagation," in Land Mobile Radio Systems, R. J. Holbeche, ed. London: Peter Peregrinus, Ltd., 1985.
J. D. Parsons, The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel. New York: Wiley, 1992.
V. I. Piterbarg and K. T. Wong, "Analytically-Derived Explicit Closed-Form Spatial-Correlation Function for the Landmobile Uplink with Scatterers Located Stochastically as Non-Homogeneous Poisson," Proc. IEEE ICC 2004, pp. 3379-3383.
D. Porrat and D. C. Cox, "Delay spread in microcells analysed with waveguide theory," Proc. 2002 IEEE Vehic. Tech. Conf. (Spring), pp. 512-516.
C. Roobol, "Multihop radio networks in random terrains: Connectivity and some terrain adaptive routing algorithms," Proc. IEEE MILCOM '93, pp. 428-431.
T. K. Sarkar, et al., "A survey of various propagation models for mobile communication," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Volume 45, Issue 3, June 2003, pp. 51-82.
J. S. Seybold, "Performance Prediction for Fixed Microwave Data Links," RF Design Magazine, May 2002, pp. 58-66.
M. :Toeltsch et al., "Statistical Characterization of Urban Spatial Radio Channels," IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Comm., Vol. 20, pp. 539-549 (April 2002).
T. Warnagiris, "Understanding range limitations for low-frequency unlicensed transmissions," RF Design, April 1999, pp. 36-52.
M. W. Weiner, "Use of the Longley-Rice and Johnson-Gierhart Tropospheric Radio Propagation Programs: 0.02-20 GHz," IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Commun., March 1986, pp. 297-307.
M. Weissburger et al., "Radio Wave Propagation: A Handbook of Practical Techniques for Computing Basic Transmission Loss and Field Strength," DoD Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center, September 1982 (AD-A122090). [TIREM model]
H. Xia et al., "Radio propagation characteristics for line-of-sight microcellular and personal communications," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 41, pp. 1439-1447 (October 1993).

Indoor Propagation

--, "Radio Propagation Models," online tutorial.
--, "Wireless Data Telemetry," Zeus Wireless, Inc. white paper.
D. Akerberg, "Properties of a TDMA Pico Cellular Office Communication System," Proc. 1988 IEEE GlobeCom Conf., pp. 1343-1349.
D. Akerberg, "Properties of a TDMA Pico Cellular Office Communication System," Proc. 1989 IEEE Vehicular Tech. Conf., pp. 186-191.
A. M. Alevy, "In-Building Propagation Measurements at 2.4 GHz," February 2002. online
J. B. Andersen, T. S. Rappaport, and S. Yoshida, "Propagation Measurements and Models for Wireless Communications Channels," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 33, pp. 42-49, January 1995.
C. Andren, "Improving WLAN Performance in the Office Environment," online tutorial .
R. J. C. Bultitude, "Measurement, Characterization and Modeling of Indoor 800/900 MHz Radio Channels for Digital Communications," IEEE Communications Magazine, June 1987, pp. 5-12.
C. Cheon, G. Liang, and H. L. Bertoni, "Simulating Radio Channel Statistics for Different Building Environments," IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 19, pp. 2191-2200 (November 2001).
D. J. Cichon and W. Wiesbeck, "Indoor and Outdoor Propagation Modeling in Pico Cells," Proc. 1994 PIMRC, pp. 491-495.
A. L. Cavilla, et al., "Simplified Simulation Models for Indoor MANET Evaluation Are Not Robust," Proc. SECON 2004. PDF file
D. Estes, et al., "Shipboard Radio Frequency Propagation Measurements for Wireless Networks," Proc. 2001 IEEE MILCOM.
S. S. Ghassemzadeh and V. Tarokh, "The Ultra-Wideband Indoor Path Loss Model," IEEE 802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks document 02/277r1, 8 July 2002. online
H. Hashemi, "The Indoor Radio Propagation Channel," Proc. IEEE, vol. 81, pp. 943-968 (July 1993)
H. Hashemi, "Impulse Response Modeling of Indoor Radio Propagation Channels," IEEE J. on Sel. Areas in Comm., vol. 11, pp. 967-978 (Sept. 1993)
H. Hashemi, et al., "Measurements and Modeling of Temporal Variations of the Indoor Radio Propagation Channel," IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, vol. 43, pp. 733-737 (August 1994).
M. Hassan-Ali and K. Pahlavan, "A new statistical model for site-specific indoor radio propagation prediction based on geometric optics and geometric probability," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 1, pp. 112-124 (Jan. 2002).
S. Hassanzadeh and H. Hashemi, "A Propagation Model for Microcellular Mobile and Personal Radio Communications," Proc. PIMRC '95, pp 392-396.
A. Hills, et al., "Estimating Signal Strengths in the Design of an Indoor Wireless Network, " IEEE Trans. Wireless Comm., vol. 3, pp. 17-19 (January 2004).
J. Kivinen, et al., "Empirical Characterization of Wideband Indoor Radio Channel at 5.3 GHz," IEEE Trans. Ant. and Prop., vol. 49, 1192-1203 (August 2001).
H. Lee et al., "Multipath Characteristics of Impulse Radio Channels," Proc. IEEE VTC 2000, pp. 2487-2491.
S. Loredo and R. P. Torres, "An Experimental Analysis of the Advantages of Polarization Diversity in Indoor Scenarios at 1.8 and 2.5 GHz," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 31 No. 5 (December 5 2001), pp. 355-361. Available online.
A. Neskovic, N. Neskovic, and G. Paunovic, "Modern Approaches in Modeling of Mobile Radio Systems Propagation Environment," IEEE Communications Surveys, Third Quarter 2000, http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/surveys.
K. Pahlavan, et al., "Wideband radio propagation modeling for indoor geolocation applications," IEEE Communications Magazine, April 1998, pp. 60-65.
N. Patwari, et al., "The Importance of the Multipoint-to-Multipoint Indoor Radio Channel in Ad Hoc Networks" [measurements at 925 MHz] Proc. IEEE WCNC 2002.
D. Porrat and D. C. Cox, "UHF Propagation in Indoor Hallways," IEEE Trans. on Wireless Comm., vol. 3, pp. 1188-1198 (July 2004).
A. R. Prasad et al., "Indoor Wireless LANs Deployment," Proc. IEEE 2000 Vehicular Tech. Conf., pp. 1562-1566.
T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, July 1999.
T. S. Rappaport and S. Sandhu, "Radio-Wave Propagation for Emerging Wireless Personal-Communication Systems," IEEE Ant. and Propag. Magazine, October 1994, pp. 14-24.
T. S. Rappaport, S. Y. Seidel, and K. Takamizawa, "Statistical Channel Impulse Response Models for Factory and Open Plan Building Radio Communication System Design," IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol. 39, pp. 794-807 (May 1991).
A. A. M. Saleh and R. A. Valenzuela, "A Statistical Model for Indoor Multipath Propagation," IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. SAC-5, pp. 128-137 (February 1987).
S. Y. Seidel and T. S. Rappaport, "A Ray Tracing Technique to Predict Path Loss and Delay Spread Inside Buildings," Proc. 1992 IEEE GlobeCom, pp. 649-653.
Q. H. Spencer, et al., "Modeling the Statistical Time and Angle of Arrival Characteristics of an Indoor Multipath Channel," IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 18, pp. 347-360 (March 2000).
R. D. Tingley and K. Pahlavan, "Space-Time Measurement of Indoor Radio Propagation," IEEE Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 50, pp. 22-31 (February 2001).

Assessment of Propagation Effects, Link Budgets, Building Penetration, etc.

C. P. Bernardin, "RF System Design: Practical Considerations," UTDallas lecture. online (Password protected)
R. C. Bernhardt, "The Effect of Path Loss Models on the Simulated Performance of Portable Radio Systems," Proc. 1989 IEEE GlobeCom Conf., pp. 1356-1360.
A. Davidson and C. Hill, "Measurement of Building Penetration into Medium Buildings at 900 and 1500 MHz," IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, vol. 46, pp. 161-168 (Feb. 1997).
V. Dinesh and C. Leung, "Error performance of BPSK in fast Rician fading channels," IEE Electronics Letters, Vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 741-742 (1 May 2003).
J. C. Haartsen and S. Zurbes, "Bluetooth voice and data performance in 802.11 DS WLAN environment," Ericsson SIG report pdf file.
G. H. Hagn, "VHF Radio System Performance Model for Predicting Communications Operational Ranges in Irregular Terrain," IEEE Trans. on Commun., September 1980, pp. 1637-1644.
C. Hill and B. Olson, "A Statistical Analysis of Radio System Coverage Acceptance Testing," IEEE Vehicular Technology Society News, February 1994, pp. 4-13.
J. S. Lee and L. E. Miller, CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook, Boston: Artech House, 1998.
W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Comm. Design Fundamentals, 2nd. ed., New York: Wiley, 1993.
L. E. Miller, "Link Reliability for Combined Lognormal Shadowing and Rayleigh Fading," white paper, 2004. PDF file
L. Phifer, "Understanding WLAN Signal Strength," Wireless Advisor, 15 February 2005. PDF version.
R. J. Punnoose, P. V. Nikitin, and D. D. Stancil, "Efficient Simulation of Ricean Fading within a Packet Simulator," Proc. IEEE 2000 Fall Vehic. Tech. Conf., pp. 764-767.
R. J. Punnoose, et al., "Optimizing Wireless Network Protocols Using Real-Time Predictive Propagation Modeling," Proc. IEEE 1999 Radio and Wireless Conf., pp. 39-44.
T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, July 1999.
T. S. Rappaport and S. Sandhu, "Radio-Wave Propagation for Emerging Wireless Personal-Communication Systems," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, October 1994.
V. Sridhara and S. Bohacek, "Realistic Simulation of Urban Mesh Networks - Part II: Urban Propagation," U. Delaware Technical Report, 2006. PDF file
R. Steele, Mobile Radio Communications, London: Pentech Press.
W. C. Stone, "Electromagnetic Signal Attenuation in Construction Materials," NIST Construction Automation Program Report No. 3, October 1997. pdf file
G. L. Stuber, Principles of Mobile Communications, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.
M. Takai, J. Martin, and R. Bagrodia, "Effects of Wireless Physical Layer Modeling in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. MobiHoc 2001. Available online.

since 1/15/03